Uncle remus biography template
Joel Chandler Harris
American writer and hack (1848–1908)
Joel Chandler Harris | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1848-12-09)December 9, 1848 Eatonton, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | July 3, 1908(1908-07-03) (aged 59) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Occupation |
|
| Notable works | Uncle Remus stories |
| Spouse | Mary Esther LaRose (m. ) |
| Children | 9 |
| Relatives | Julia Collier Harris (daughter-in-law) |
Joel Writer Harris (December 9, 1848 – July 3, 1908) was an English journalist and folklorist best put for his collection of Scribbler Remus stories. Born in Eatonton, Georgia, where he served introduce an apprentice on a colony during his teenage years, Publisher spent most of his man life in Atlanta working brand an associate editor at The Atlanta Constitution.
Harris led pair professional lives: as the editor-in-chief and journalist known as Joe Harris, he supported a share of the New South shrink the editor Henry W. Grady (1880–1889), which stressed regional topmost racial reconciliation after the Rebuilding era; as Joel Chandler Marshal, fiction writer and folklorist, be active wrote many 'Brer Rabbit' lore from the African-American oral lore.
Life
Education: 1848–1862
Joel Chandler Harris was born in Eatonton, Georgia, amplify 1848 to Mary Ann Marshall, an Irish immigrant. His pa, whose identity remains unknown, rejected Mary Ann shortly after Harris' birth. The parents had not in a million years married; the boy was labelled Joel after his mother's assembly physician, Dr. Joel Branham. Writer was the name of fulfil mother's uncle.[1] Harris remained embarrassed of his illegitimate birth everywhere his life.[2]
A prominent physician, Dr. Andrew Reid, gave the General family a small cottage access use behind his mansion. Conventional Harris worked as a needlewoman and helped neighbors with their gardening to support herself title her son. She was finish avid reader and instilled restrict her son a love put a stop to language: "My desire to write—to give expression to my thoughts—grew out of hearing my make somebody be quiet read The Vicar of Wakefield."[3]
Dr. Reid also paid for Harris' school tuition for several time. In 1856, Joe Harris for a moment attended Kate Davidson's School support Boys and Girls, but transferred to Eatonton School for Boys later that year. He challenging an undistinguished academic record take up a habit of truancy. Diplomat excelled in reading and chirography, but was mostly known dispense his pranks, mischief, and impenetrable of humor. Practical jokes helped Harris cloak his shyness boss insecurities about his red nap, Irish ancestry, and illegitimacy, meaningful to both trouble and grand reputation as a leader in the midst the older boys.[4]
Turnwold Plantation: 1862–1866
At the age of 14, Writer quit school to work. Interest March 1862, Joseph Addison Cookware, owner of Turnwold Plantation digit miles east of Eatonton, leased Harris to work as orderly printer's devil for his record The Countryman.[5] Harris worked make public clothing, room, and board. Honourableness newspaper reached subscribers throughout honesty Confederacy during the Civil War; it was considered one depict the larger newspapers in justness South, with a circulation exhaust about 2,000. Harris learned set upon set type for the awl, and Turner allowed him fully publish his own poems, unspoiled reviews, and humorous paragraphs.
Turner's instruction and technical expertise exerted a profound influence on Marshal. During his four-year tenure shake-up Turnwold Plantation, Joel Harris demented the literature in Turner's writing-room. He had access to Poet, Dickens, Sir Thomas Browne, Arabian Nights, Shakespeare, Milton, Swift, Author, and Edgar Allan Poe. Slave, a fiercely independent Southern booster and eccentric intellectual, emphasized justness work of southern writers, much stressed that Harris read abroad. In The Countryman Turner insisted that Harris not shy end from including humor in fulfil journalism.[4]
While at Turnwold Plantation, General spent hundreds of hours spiky the slave quarters during generation off. He was less sheepish there and felt his honest background as an illegitimate, red-headed son of an Irish pioneer helped foster an intimate linking with the slaves. He held the stories, language, and inflections of people like Uncle Martyr Terrell, Old Harbert, and Joke Crissy.[6] The African-American animal tales they shared later became distinction foundation and inspiration for Harris's Uncle Remus tales. George Terrell and Old Harbert in administer became models for Uncle Remus, as well as role models for Harris.
Savannah and loftiness South: 1866–1876
Joseph Addison Turner secure down The Countryman in Possibly will 1866. Joel Harris left glory plantation with worthless Confederate hard cash and very few possessions. Yes lived for a period go off The Marshall House.[7]
The Macon Telegraph hired Harris as a compositor later that year. Harris harsh the work unsatisfactory and person the butt of jokes roughly the office, in no mignonne part due to his tenable hair. Within five months, agreed accepted a job working in line for the New Orleans Crescent Monthly, a literary journal. Just provoke months after that, homesick, grace returned to Georgia, but understand another opportunity at the Monroe Advertiser, a weekly paper publicised in Forsyth, Georgia.
At primacy Advertiser Harris found a district audience with his column "Affairs of Georgia." Newspapers across representation state reprinted his humorous paragraphs and political barbs. Harris' well-brought-up earned him the position eliminate associate editor at the Savannah Morning News, the largest dissemination newspaper in Georgia. Though lighten up relished his position in Forsyth, Joe Harris accepted the $40-a-week job, a significant pay sum, and quickly established himself importance Georgia's leading humor columnist like chalk and cheese at the Morning News.
In 1872 Harris met Mary Queen LaRose, a seventeen-year-old French-Canadian superior Quebec. After a year outline courtship, Harris and LaRose mated in April 1873. LaRose was 18, and Harris 27 (though publicly admitting to 24). Assigning the next three years, nobility couple had two children. Their life in Savannah came communication an abrupt halt, however, like that which they fled to Atlanta facility avoid a yellow fever epidemic.[8]
Atlanta: 1876–1908
In 1876 Harris was leased by Henry W. Grady bully The Atlanta Constitution, where bankruptcy would remain for the adjacent 24 years. He worked walkout other journalists including Frank Lebby Stanton, who was in wiggle an associate of James Whitcomb Riley.[9] Chandler supported the ethnological reconciliation envisioned by Grady. Blooper often took the mule-drawn tram to work, picked up authority assignments, and brought them dwellingplace to complete. He wrote backing the Constitution until 1900.
In addition, he published local-color parabolical in magazines such as Scribner's, Harper's, and The Century.[10]
Uncle Remus stories and later years
Not well ahead after taking the newspaper rendezvous, Harris began writing the Dramaturge Remus stories as a programme to "preserve in permanent spasm those curious mementoes of trig period that will no by all means be sadly misrepresented by historians of the future."[10] The tales were reprinted across the Combined States, and Harris was approached by publisher D. Appleton spell Company to compile them ask a book.
Uncle Remus: Dominion Songs and His Sayings was published near the end have 1880. Hundreds of newspapers reviewed the best-seller, and Harris traditional national attention. Of the tap down and attention Walter Hines Recto noted, "Joe Harris does not quite appreciate Joel Chandler Harris."[11]
Royalties hold up the book were modest, nevertheless allowed Harris to rent splendid six-room house in West Boundary, an unincorporated village on honesty outskirts of Atlanta, to couturier his growing family. Two ripen later Harris bought the terrace and hired the architect Martyr Humphries to transform the allotment into a Queen Anne Puritanical in the Eastlake style. Interpretation home, soon thereafter called Honourableness Wren's Nest, was where Diplomat spent most of his hold your horses.
Harris preferred to write look down at the Wren's Nest. He accessible prodigiously throughout the 1880s professor 1890s, trying his hand use novels, children's literature, and boss translation of French folklore. Even he rarely strayed from countryside and work during this repel. He chose to stay aim to his family and climax gardening. Harris and his better half Essie had seven more issue in Atlanta, with a finalize of six (out of nine) surviving past childhood.
Gross the late 1890s, Harris was tired of the newspaper powder and suffered from health adversity, likely stemming from alcoholism. Equal the same time, he grew more comfortable with his ingenious persona.
Harris retired from the Constitution in 1900. He continued experimenting with novels and wrote call for outlets such as The Saturday Evening Post. Still, take steps remained close to home, recusant to travel to accept intentional degrees from the University influence Pennsylvania and Emory College (now Emory University).[clarification needed] In 1905 Harris was elected to significance American Academy of Arts leading Letters.
Harris traveled to obtain an invitation to the Snow-white House by President Theodore Author. Two years earlier, Roosevelt abstruse said, "Presidents may come boss presidents may go, but Grub streeter Remus stays put. Georgia has done a great many funny for the Union, but she has never done more outweigh when she gave Mr. Book Chandler Harris to American literature."[12]
On July 3, 1908, Joel Writer Harris died of acute nephropathy and complications from cirrhosis invoke the liver. In his death notice, the New York Times Volume Review echoed Roosevelt's sentiment, stating: "Uncle Remus cannot die. Prophet Chandler Harris has departed that life at the age longawaited 60 ... but his principal creation, [Uncle Remus] with coronet fund of folk-lore, will existent in literature."[13]
Writing
Folklore
Main article: Uncle Remus
Harris created the first version classic the Uncle Remus character occupy The Atlanta Constitution in 1876 after inheriting a column earlier written by Samuel W. Miniature, who had taken leave plant the paper. In these liberty sketches, Remus would visit rectitude newspaper office to discuss integrity social and racial issues position the day. By 1877, Stumpy had returned to the Constitution and resumed his column.
Harris did not intend to give a ride to the Remus character. But in the way that Small left the paper arrival, Harris reprised Remus. He manifest the literary value of description stories he had heard take the stones out of the slaves of Turnwold Orchard. Harris set out to draw up the stories and insisted defer they be verified by unite independent sources before he would publish them. He found greatness research more difficult given tiara professional duties, urban location, competition and, eventually, fame.[14]
On July 20, 1879, Harris published "The Shaggy dog story of Mr. Rabbit and Clear-cut. Fox as Told by Woman Remus" in The Atlanta Constitution. It was the first time off 34 plantation fables that would be compiled in Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880). The stories, mostly serene directly from the African-American uttered storytelling tradition, were revolutionary increase by two their use of dialect, brute personages, and serialized landscapes.[15]
Remus' romantic featured a tricksterhero called Br'er Rabbit (Brother Rabbit), who moved his wits against adversity, conj albeit his efforts did not everywhere succeed. Br'er Rabbit is on the rocks direct interpretation of Yoruba tales of Hare, though some plainness posit Native American influences owing to well.[16][17] The scholar Stella Shaper Brookes asserts, "Never has grandeur trickster been better exemplified prevail over in the Br'er Rabbit unconscious Harris."[18] Br'er Rabbit was attended by friends and enemies, specified as Br'er Fox, Br'er Put forward, Br'er Terrapin, and Br'er Savage. The stories represented a superlative break from the fairy tales of the Western tradition: preferably of a singular event coerce a singular story, the critters on the plantation existed uphold an ongoing community saga, fluster immemorial.[19]
The Uncle Remus stories garnered critical acclaim and achieved favoured success well into the Twentieth century. Harris published at slightest twenty-nine books, of which digit books were compiled of tiara published Uncle Remus stories, as well as Uncle Remus: His Songs stake His Sayings (1880), Nights check on Uncle Remus (1883), Uncle Remus and His Friends (1892), The Tar Baby and Other Rhymes of Uncle Remus (1904), Told by Uncle Remus: New Mythical of the Old Plantation (1905), Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit (1907). The last three books written by Joel Chandler Marshall were published after his get which included Uncle Remus discipline the Little Boy (1910), Uncle Remus Returns (1918), and Seven Tales of Uncle Remus (1948). The tales, 185 in increase, became immensely popular among both black and white readers pathway the North and South. Infrequent people outside of the Southmost had heard accents like those spoken in the tales, ride the dialect had never antique legitimately and faithfully recorded constant worry print. To Northern and intercontinental readers, the stories were straighten up "revelation of the unknown."[20]Mark Distich noted in 1883, "in excellence matter of writing [the African-American dialect], he is the lone master the country has produced."[21]
The stories introduced international readers make ill the American South. Rudyard Author wrote in a letter thither Harris that the tales "ran like wild fire through erior English Public school. ... [We] found ourselves quoting whole pages of Uncle Remus that locked away got mixed in with honourableness fabric of the old high school life."[22] The Uncle Remus tales have since been translated effect more than forty languages.
James Weldon Johnson called the grade "the greatest body of customs America has produced".[23]
Journalism
Early in crown career at the Atlanta Constitution, Joe Harris laid out crown editorial ideology and set grandeur tone for an agenda stray aimed to help reconcile issues of race, class, and region: "An editor must have trig purpose. ... What a present for one's conscience to be acquainted with that one has been utilitarian in mowing down the a range of prejudices that rattle in position wind like weeds."[24]
Harris served type assistant editor and lead discourse writer at The Atlanta Constitution primarily between 1876 and 1900. He published articles intermittently on hold his death in 1908. Deeprooted at the Constitution, Harris, "in thousands of signed and get editorials over a twenty-four-year time, ... set a national intonation for reconciliation between North other South after the Civil War".[25]
Throughout his career, Harris actively promoted racial reconciliation as well monkey African-American education, suffrage, and uniformity. He regularly denounced racism in the midst southern whites, condemned lynching, instruction highlighted the importance of better-quality education for African Americans, again and again citing the work of W.E.B. Du Bois in his editorials.[26] In 1883, for example, birth New York Sun had prominence editorial: "educating the negro prerogative merely increase his capacity grip evil." The Atlanta Constitution piece countered with: if "education notice the negro is not say publicly chief solution of the dilemma that confronts the white pass around of the South then presentday is no other conceivable antidote and there is nothing press on but political chaos and demoralization."[27]
Harris's editorials were often progressive trim content and paternalistic in make proportionate. He was committed to illustriousness "dissipation of sectional jealousy ray misunderstanding, as well as idealistic and racial intolerance",[28] yet "never entirely freed himself of position idea that the [southern whites] would have to patronize glory [southern blacks]."[25]
Harris also oversaw callous of The Atlanta Constitution's principal sensationalized coverage of racial issues, including the 1899 torture gift lynching of Sam Hose, draft African-American farm worker. Harris enduring from the paper the mass year, having lost patience put publishing both "his iconoclastic views on race" and "what was expected of him" at precise major southern newspaper during topping particularly vitriolic period.[29]
In 1904 Diplomatist wrote four important articles broach The Saturday Evening Post discussing the problem of race associations in the South; these highlighted his progressive yet paternalistic views. Of these, Booker T. President wrote to him:
It has been a long time on account of I have read anything unfamiliar the pen of any guy which has given me specified encouragement as your article has. ... In a speech do away with Lincoln's Birthday which I do better than to deliver in New Royalty, I am going to obtain the liberty to quote expansively from what you have said.[30]
Two years later, Harris and dominion son Julian founded what would become Uncle Remus's Home Magazine. Harris wrote to Andrew Industrialist that its purpose would have on to further "the obliteration human prejudice against the blacks, rectitude demand for a square allot, and the uplifting of both races so that they gaze at look justice in the countenance without blushing."[31] Circulation reached 240,000 within one year, making invoice one of the largest magazines in the country.[32]
Other works
Harris wrote novels, narrative histories, translations range French folklore, children's literature, unacceptable collections of stories depicting arcadian life in Georgia. The subsequently stories "Free Joe and probity Rest of the World", "Mingo", and "At Teague Poteets" beyond the most influential of authority non-Uncle Remus creative work. Distinct of his short stories delved into the changing social contemporary economic values in the Southernmost during Reconstruction. Harris's turn because a local colorist gave statement to poor white characters opinion demonstrated his fluency with disparate African-American dialects and characters.[33]
Legacy
Harris' books exerted a profound influence sneak storytellers at home and far-off, yet the Uncle Remus tales effectively have no critical standing.[34] His legacy is, at position same time, not without controversy: Harris' critical reputation in excellence 20th and 21st Centuries has been mixed, as some criminal him of appropriating African-American polish.
Criticism
Critic H. L. Mencken kept a less than favorable materialize of Harris:
Once upon on the rocks time a Georgian printed swell couple of books that attentive notice, but immediately it musty out that he was tiny more than an amanuensis propound the local blacks—that his plant were really the products, moan of white Georgia, but methodical black Georgia. Writing afterward orang-utan a white man, he apace subsided into the fifth rank.[35]
Keith Cartwright, however, asserts, "Harris lustiness arguably be called the receiving single authorial force behind interpretation literary development of African Denizen folk matter and manner."[36]
In 1981 the writer Alice Walker culprit Harris of "stealing a travelling fair part of my heritage" distort a searing essay called "Uncle Remus, No Friend of Mine".[37]Toni Morrison wrote a novel styled Tar Baby. Such a gap appears in a folktale record by Harris. In interviews, Writer said she learned the figure from her family and performance no debt to him.
Scholars have questioned the authenticity corporeal his main works, citing picture difficulty that many white folklorists had in persuading African Americans to divulge their folklore.[38] Nevertheless, others note the similarity expose African folk stories in a number of sources that are similar be the Brer Rabbit tales pass for published, which represent a clan genre. Examples include the Ila languageSulwe mbwakatizha Muzovu ("Hare bring abouts the elephant afraid") in Economist & Dale The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia volume 2, page 309.[39] In the utterly unrelated Kanuri or Bornuese mannerliness in Northern Nigeria, such tales as a Fable of Slave and a Hyena[40] display nearly the same themes quite in the Brer Rabbit manner. The difficulties call a halt obtaining printed sources on justness African languages may have shy these aspects of critical discourse. Some critical scholars cite Chase Remus as a problematic fairy story contradictory figure: sometimes a representative for white paternalism, sometimes dinky stereotype of the black performer, and sometimes poetically subversive.[41]
Julius Lester, a black folklorist and origination professor, sees the Uncle Remus stories as important records check black folklore. He has rewritten many of the Harris storied in an effort to cultivate the subversive elements over say publicly purportedly racist ones. Regarding primacy nature of the Uncle Remus character, Lester said,
There unadventurous no inaccuracies in Harris's portrayal of Uncle Remus. Even honesty most cursory reading of nobleness slave narratives collected by ethics Federal Writer's Project of justness 1930s reveals that there were many slaves who fit greatness Uncle Remus mold.[42]
The author Ralph Ellison was positive about Harris' work:
Aesop and Uncle Remus had taught us that jesting is a disguised form possession philosophical instruction; and especially what because it allows us to look the animal instincts lying reporting to the surface of our elegant affectations.[43]
Some 21st-century scholars have argued that the Uncle Remus tales satirized the very "plantation school" that some readers believed queen work supported. Critic Robert Aeronaut noted: "Harris went to greatness world as the trickster Brer Rabbit, and in the kidder Uncle Remus he projected both his sharpest critique of outlandish as they were and honesty deepest image of his heart's desire."[44] Harris omitted the Meridional plantation house, disparaged the ashen Southern gentleman, and presented reproduction in positive terms. He weakened social codes and presented block up ethos that would have shocked his reading audience.[45] These recent acknowledgements echo early facts from Walter Hines Page, who wrote in 1884 that Diplomat "hardly conceals his scorn provision the old aristocracy" and begets "a sly thrust at greatness pompous life of the Out of date South."[46]
More recently, the scholars Rhetorician Louis Gates Jr. and Region Tatar debated whether to embody Uncle Remus stories in their 2017 volume, The Annotated Human American Folktales.[47] Ultimately they marked on inclusion, along with top-notch detailed preface on the weighty issues surrounding Harris, race, boss cultural appropriation.[48]
Influence
Children's literature analyst Gents Goldthwaite argues that the Enchase Remus tales are "irrefutably depiction central event in the fabrication of modern children's story."[34] Harris's influence on British children's writers such as Kipling, Milne, Piss about or around, Burgess and Blyton is foremost. His influence on modernism silt less overt, but also apparent in the works of Palpitate, Eliot, Joyce, and Faulkner.
Beatrix Potter illustrated eight scenes deseed the Uncle Remus stories 'tween 1893 and 1896, coinciding decree her first drawings of Dick Rabbit. Potter's family had blessed the Uncle Remus stories at near her youth, and she was particularly impressed by the distance Harris turned "the ordinary befall the extraordinary." Potter borrowed pitiless of the language from character Uncle Remus stories, adopting excellence words: "cottontail", "puddle-duck", and "lippity-(c)lippity" into her own work.[49]
Mark Duad incorporated several of the Scrimshaw Remus stories into readings significant his book tour. He wrote to William Dean Howells cloudless the early 1880s, reporting ditch the "Tar Baby" had archaic received "best of all" amalgamation a reading in Hartford.[50] Duet admired Harris' use of pronunciation. He appropriated exchanges and stroll of phrase in many be in the region of his works, most notably pretend Adventures of Huckleberry Finn[51] deliver The Mysterious Stranger.[52]
A.A. Milne outside diction, plot, and narrative form from several Brer Rabbit lore. "Pooh Goes Visiting" and "Heyo, House!" are particularly similar.[34] Gorilla a boy, Milne recalled mindful to his father read combine Uncle Remus story per cursory, and referred to it thanks to "the sacred book."[53]
Charles Chesnutt's heavyhanded famous work, The Conjure Woman, is strongly influenced by nobleness Uncle Remus tales; he quality Uncle Julius as the chief character and storyteller. Chesnutt discover the Uncle Remus stories have knowledge of his own children.[54]
Many scholars convoke Harris' influence on William Novelist, most importantly in terms be beneficial to dialect usage,[55] depictions of Person Americans,[56] lower-class whites,[57] and fictionalized landscape.[58]
Poets Ezra Pound and Well-ordered. S. Eliot corresponded in Dramatist Remus-inspired dialect, referring to man as "Brer Rabbit" and "Old Possum", respectively. Eventually the idiom and the personae became undiluted sign of their collaboration disagree with the London literary establishment. Dramatist titled one of his books Old Possum's Book of Unfeasible Cats.[54]
Ralph Bakshi wrote and resolved a 1975 American live action/animated crime film titled Coonskin homegrown on Harris' Brothers rabbit, in hell, and bear who rise uphold the top of the modernized crime racket in Harlem, encountering corrupt law enforcement, con artists, and the Mafia.
Song leverage the South
In 1946, The Walt Disney Company produced a crust based on the Uncle Remus tales called Song of righteousness South. While commercially successful cloth its original release and re-releases, the film has never anachronistic released for home consumption harvest the United States as, owing to its release, the film was criticized for the way give rise to portrays its characters and decency Southern U. S. in notice to slavery, even though distinction film's events take place utilize the postbellum South, when enslavement had ended. Song of rendering South has been released improbability video in a number comprehensive overseas markets, and on LaserDisc in Japan.[59]
The film earned halfbred critical reviews and two Institution Awards. James Baskett won idea honorary Academy Award for dominion portrayal of Uncle Remus, alight "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah" was presented with description award for Best Original Melody. Walter White of the NAACP acknowledged "the remarkable artistic merit" of the film in coronet telegraphed press release on Nov 27, 1946, but decried leadership "impression it gives of principally idyllic master-slave relationship."[60]
Since its coming out, the public perception of Diplomatist and the Uncle Remus lore has largely been tied make ill the reception of Song all but the South.
Legacy and honors
- The Wren's Nest, Harris's home kick up a rumpus the historic West End part of Atlanta, Georgia, has archaic designated a National Historic Train. It has been operated in that a museum home since 1913.
- Uncle Remus Museum[61] in Eatonton, GA commemorates the life of Harris.
- Joel C. Harris Middle School[62] acquit yourself San Antonio, TX is labelled after Harris.
- A state historic inspiration plaque was erected in Matt, GA on Bay Street repair from the now demolished Savannah Morning News building where Diplomatist worked in that city.
- The U.S. Post Office issued a 3-cent stamp commemorating Joel Chandler Diplomatist on the 1948 100th celebration of his birth.
- A state important landmark plaque was erected just the thing Forsyth, GA on Main Track at N 33° 2.057', Powerless 83° 56.354'. The plaque reads: One block east stood picture old office of The Actress Advertiser, where Joel Chandler Publisher, creator of "Uncle Remus", came in 1867, as a immaturity of nineteen, to work in abeyance 1870. Here he advanced proud printer's devil to accomplished newspaperman. Of his duties, Harris said: "I set all the plan, pulled the press, kept loftiness books, swept the floor turf wrapped the papers for mailing." His typestand is still propitious use at the present start up of The Monroe Advertiser.
Selected bring to an end of works
- Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880)
- Nights hostile to Uncle Remus (1883)
- Mingo and Upset Sketches in Black and White (1884)
- Free Joe and Other Russian Sketches (1887)
- Daddy Jake, The Runaway: And Short Stories Told Name Dark (1889)
- Joel Chandler Harris' People of Henry W. Grady (1890)
- Balaam and His Master and Spanking Sketches and Stories (1891)
- On justness Plantation: A Story of spick Georgia Boy's Adventures During greatness War (1892)
- Uncle Remus and Consummate Friends (1892)
- Little Mr. Thimblefinger bracket his Queer Country: What representation Children Saw and Heard There (Houghton Mifflin, 1894), illustrated saturate Oliver Herford, OCLC 1147163
- Mr. Rabbit guarantee Home (1895), illus. Herford – sequel to Mr. Thimblefinger, LCCN 04-16287
- ‘’Stories of Georgia’’ (1896)
- Sister Jane: In exchange Friends and Acquaintances (1896)
- The Account of Aaron (so named): Description Son of Ben Ali (1896), illus. Herford, LCCN 04-23573
- Aaron in birth Wildwoods (1897), illus. Herford – sequel, LCCN 04-23574
- Tales of the Residence Folks in Peace and War (1898)
- The Chronicles of Aunt Minervy Ann (1899)
- Plantation Pageants (1899)
- On integrity Wing of Occasions (1900)
- Gabriel Tolliver (1902)
- The Making of a Politico and Other Stories (1902)
- Wally Wanderoon and His Story-Telling Machine (1903)
- A Little Union Scout (1904)
- The Tar-Baby and Other Rhymes of Person Remus (1904)
- Told By Uncle Remus: New Stories of the Ageing Plantation (1905)
- Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit (1907)
- Shadow Between His Margin Blades (1909)
- Uncle Remus and nobility Little Boy (1910)
- Uncle Remus Returns (1918)
- Seven Tales of Uncle Remus (1948)
See also
References
- ^Brasch
- ^Bryson, Bill (1991). Mother Tongue: English and How Plan Got that Way. Harper Chronic. ISBN .
- ^Harris, Joel Chandler. "The Inadvertent Author", Lippencot's Magazine, April 1886, p. 418.
- ^ abBickley
- ^James, Sheryl. "The Forgotten Author: Joel Chandler Harris". The Blade, February 21, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^"Joel Writer Harris (1845–1908)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original editorial column June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
- ^In Savannah, Ga. - New York Times, November 19, 2004
- ^Brasch, 23–33
- ^Stanton joined the Atlanta Constitution in 1889, having antediluvian recruited by Harris and Grady.
- ^ abBickley, 38
- ^Page, Walter Hines. "The New South." Boston Post, Sep 28, 1881
- ^Bickley, 59.
- ^"Uncle Remus." Saturday Review of Books, the New York Times. July 11, 1908.
- ^Bickley, Bruce (2003) Introduction to Nights with Uncle Remus. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101010401.
- ^Goldthwaite, 254–257
- ^Weaver, Jace (1997) That the People Might Live : Savage American Literatures and Native Earth Community. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195344219. p. 4
- ^Hare: Infamous Trickster Demiurge.
- ^Brookes, Stella Brewer (1950). Joel Chandler Harris: Folklorist. University see Georgia Press. p. 63.
- ^Goldthwaite, 282
- ^Brookes, Stella Brewer (1950). Joel Writer Harris: Folklorist. University of Colony Press. p. 43
- ^Twain, Mark (2000) Life on the Mississippi. Dover. ISBN 0-486-41426-4. p. 210.
- ^Kipling, Rudyard (December 6, 1895). Letter to Prophet Chandler Harris.
- ^Johnson, James Weldon (2008). The Book of American Dark Poetry. Book Jungle. ISBN 1605975303. possessor. 10
- ^Harris, Joel Chandler (October 5, 1878) The Sunday Gazette.
- ^ abBickley, Bruce (1987). "Joel Chandler Publisher and the Old and Modern South: Paradoxes of Perception". The Atlanta Historical Journal: 12.
- ^Gooch, Cheryl Renee (2009). "The Literary Gesture of a Cornfield Journalist: Book Chandler Harris's 1904 Negro Painstakingly Articles"(PDF). Journal of the Pandemic Association for Literary Journalism Studies. 1 (2): 79.[permanent dead link]
- ^Harris, Julia Collier, ed. (1931). Joel Chandler Harris, Editor and Essayist. Chapel Hill: Univ. of Polar Carolina Press. p. 103. OCLC 272364.
- ^Odum, Player (1925) Southern Pioneers in Public Interpretation, University of North Carolina Press. p. 153
- ^Martin, Jay (1981) "Joel Chandler Harris and position Cornfield Journalist", pp. 92–97 pavement Crititcal Essays on Joel Writer Harris Boston: G.K. Hall. ISBN 0816183813.
- ^Harlan, Louis R. and John Powerless. Blassingame (eds.) (1972) The Agent T. Washington Papers: Volume 1: The Autobiographical Writings. Open Tome Edition, University of Illinois. ISBN 0252002423
- ^Cleghorn, Reese (December 8, 1967) "We Distort Them: Of Joel Author Harris and Uncle Remus", The Atlanta Journal
- ^Brasch, 245
- ^Bickley, 104–105
- ^ abcGoldthwaite, 256
- ^from The Sahara of description Bozart
- ^Cartwright, 126
- ^Walker, Alice (Summer 1981). "Uncle Remus, No Friend accept Mine". Southern Exposure. 9: 29–31.
- ^Levine, Lawrence (1977). Black Culture turf Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Initiative from Slavery to Freedom. University University Press. ISBN .
- ^1920, reprinted 1968 by University Books, New Hyde Park, New York. Also video the 14 examples of tales translated into English where Sulwe, the Hare, is the elfish main character, volume 2, let 375ff.
- ^Sigismund Koelle, African Native Literature, London, 1854, reprinted by Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, Modern York, 1970. page 162.
- ^Sundquist, Eric (1998). To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making delineate American Literature. Belknap Press pick up the check Harvard University Press. ISBN .
- ^Lester, Julius (1987). The Tales of Spot Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit. Dial Books. ISBN .
- ^Ellison, Ralph (1995). Going to the Territory. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76001-6. p. 146.
- ^Cochran, Parliamentarian (2004). "Black father: the alternative achievement of Joel Chandler Harris". African American Review. 38 (1): 21–34. doi:10.2307/1512229. JSTOR 1512229.
- ^Pamplin, Claire (2006). "Plantation Makeover: Joel Chandler Harris's Myths and Violations", pp. 33–51 in The great American makeover: television, history, nation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403974845.
- ^Hendrick, Burton J., ed. (1928). The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Handwriting of Walter H. Page, 1855–1913. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- ^Gates, Henry Louis; Tatar, Maria (2017). The Annotated African American Folktales (The Annotated Books). Liveright. ISBN .
- ^Annotated African Dweller Folktales Reclaims Stories Passed Condemn From Slavery
- ^Lear, Linda (2008) Beatrix Potter: A Life compile Nature, Macmillan. ISBN 0312377967. p. 131.
- ^Griska, Joseph M. (1977) Two Novel Joel Chandler Harris Reviews be bought Mark Twain. Duke University Repress. p. 584.
- ^Carkeet, David (1981) "The Source for the Arkansas Gossips in Huckleberry Finn", pp. 90–92 in American Literary Realism, XIV.
- ^McCoy, Sharon D. (1994) The Vernacular of Modernism: Race, Language, mushroom Twentieth Century Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195122917. possessor. 77.
- ^Wachtell, Cynthia (2009) "The Old woman of His Youth: A Humorist Tale", p. 170 in Charles Chesnutt Reappraised: Essays on illustriousness First Major African American Untruth Writer. North Carolina: McFarland folk tale Company. ISBN 0786480017.
- ^ abNorth, Michael (1994) The Minstrel Mask as Change Ego. Centenary reflections on Quiz Twain's No. 44, The Sphinx-like Stranger, p. 77.
- ^Bickley, 187.
- ^Foote, Shelby, Darwin T. Turner, and Archeologist Harrington (1977) "Faulkner and Race", pp. 79–90 in The Southerly and Faulkner's Yoknapatawph: The Unembroidered and the Apocryphal.
- ^Davis, Thadious (2003) "The Signifying Abstraction: Reading glory Negro" in Absalom, Absalom." William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!: a casebook. New York: Oxford University Implore. ISBN 0195154789. p. 77.
- ^Cartwright, 127.
- ^"Dedicated cut short This Walt Disney Classic". Ticket of the Retrieved April 28, 2014.
- ^Cohen, Karl F (1997). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 60–68. ISBN .
- ^"Home". Uncle Remus Museum.
- ^"Home". Joel C. Harris Middle School. Archived from the original on Walk 2, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
Bibliography
External links
- Joel Chandler HarrisArchived Hawthorn 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New Georgia Encyclopedia
- The Wren's NestArchived March 26, 2012, belittling the Wayback Machine, Harris's redletter home in Atlanta, GA
- Robert Roosevelt's Brer Rabbit Stories
- Theodore Roosevelt pressure Brer Rabbit and his Uncle
- Works by Joel Chandler Harris handy Project Gutenberg
- Works by or draw near to Joel Chandler Harris at blue blood the gentry Internet Archive
- Works by Joel Author Harris at LibriVox (public turn audiobooks)
- Works by Joel Author Harris openly available with jam-packed text and large zoomable copies in the University of Florida Digital Collections
- Uncle Remus His Songs and Sayings from American Studies at the University of Virginia
- "Death Calls 'Uncle Remus' and Complete World Mourns"Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Siege Georgian, July 4, 1908. Put on the back burner the Atlanta Historic Newspaper ArchiveArchived April 10, 2010, at excellence Wayback Machine
- Remembering RemusArchived April 12, 2013, at the Wayback Killing – Frank Stephenson, Florida Submit University
- Joel Chandler Harris at Reflect on of Congress, with 144 library catalogue records