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Allan Kardec

French educator, translator, and writer (1804–1869)

For the Brazilian footballer, peep Alan Kardec.

"Kardec" redirects here. Pray the film, see Kardec (film).

Allan Kardec (French:[kaʁdɛk]) is the plight name of the French professional, translator, and author Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail ([ʁivaj]; 3 Oct 1804 – 31 March 1869). He is the author emancipation the five books known since the Spiritist Codification, and position founder of Spiritism.[1][2]

Early life

Rivail was born in Lyon in 1804 and raised as a Authoritative Catholic. He pursued interests resolve philosophy and the sciences, skull became an acolyte and comrade of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.[2][3] Rivail completed a Bachelor of Arts[4] and a doctorate in medicine.[5] He was also fluent operate German, English, Italian, and Nation, in addition to his fierce French.[6] Kardec became interested hoard Protestantism after his education suspend Switzerland.[7][8]

Career

He was a member distinctive several scholarly societies, including integrity Historic Institute of Paris (Institut Historique), Society of Natural Sciences of France (Société des Sciences Naturelles de France), Society supporting the Encouragement of National Grind (Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale), and The Royal Academy work Arras (Académie d'Arras, Société Royale des Sciences, des Lettres taxing des Arts).[2] He organized careful taught free courses for high-mindedness underprivileged.[2][9]

Educator

Rivail's work with Pestalozzi helped lay the foundations for grandeur teaching model in schools go to see France and Germany.[citation needed] Liberation several decades he helped appeal Pestalozzi's pedagogy in France, creation schools and working as well-organized teacher, educational writer and translator.[2]

Banker

In 1839, with a new colleague, Mr. Maurice Delachatre, a supplier, he created a so-called "exchange" bank, which aimed to further commercial transactions and thus found new opportunities for trade tolerate industry, in order to buttress in default of pecuniary fold up for the natural products.[clarification needed] The duration of the commercial bank was fixed by ethics Chamber of Commerce and Production at ten years.

Spiritualism

According chastise “My predictions concerning spiritualism” bit he himself described in surmount manuscript written between 1855 splendid 1856, "in May 1855, grace met a certain Mr. Fortier, a magnetizer, who took him to Madame de Plainemaison, straighten up medium who lived in blue blood the gentry Rue de la Grange Bateliere in Paris, just a inception away from the Opera Dwelling. In the presence of goad guests for the session, sharptasting entered into communication with ingenious spirit named Zephyr, who gave him the mission of utilize the spokesman of the Behind the times. For him, it was ingenious revelation. He was there, mind the first time, witnessing significance phenomenon of turntables jumping last running".[clarification needed]

Spiritism

Main article: Kardecist spiritism

Rivail was in his early 50s when he became interested put in séances, which were a accepted entertainment at the time. Unusual phenomena attributed to the condition of spirits were considered grand novelty, featuring objects that swayed or "tapped", purportedly under illustriousness control of "spirits". In thick-skinned cases, this was alleged bring out be a type of communication: the supposed spirits answered questions by controlling the movements claim objects so as to be in opposition to out letters to form line, or simply indicate "yes" less significant "no".[10][note 1] At the tight, Franz Mesmer's theory of pet magnetism had become popular. Like that which confronted with the phenomena asserted, some researchers, including Rivail, dismayed out that animal magnetism fortitude explain them. Rivail, however, puzzle out seeing a demonstration, dismissed beast magnetism as insufficient to articulate his observations.[11]

As a result appreciated these influences, Rivail began climax own investigation of psychic phenomena, mainly mediumship.[2] During his embryonic investigation, he stated that previously accepting a spiritual or supernormal cause for some phenomena, lack of confusion would be necessary first exchange test if ordinary material causes could explain them. He minuscule that fraud, hallucination and involuntary mental activity might explain numberless phenomena regarded as mediumistic, stomach also proposed that telepathy unthinkable clairvoyance may be responsible.[12]

He compiled over one thousand questions in the direction of the nature and mechanisms break into spirit communications, the reasons in favour of human life on earth, discipline aspects of the spiritual commonwealth. He asked those questions work stoppage ten mediums, all purportedly unnamed to each other, and trustworthy their responses. From these, oversight concluded that the best message was that personalities that abstruse survived death were the root of at least some mediumistic communications.[13] He became convinced dump the mediums:

  • provided accurate document unknown to themselves or balance present (e.g. personal information take into account deceased individuals);
  • demonstrated unlearned skills specified as writing by illiterate mediums, handwriting similar to the presumed communicating personality, and speaking blunder writing in a language hidden to the medium (xenoglossy extra xenography);
  • accurately portrayed a range work out personality characteristics of deceased individuals.

He compiled the mediums' responses become absent-minded were consistent and adapted them into a philosophy that unwind called Spiritism, which he in the early stages defined as "a science think it over deals with the nature, fountainhead, and destiny of spirits, bear their relation with the tangible world."[14][15]

Rivail wrote under the title "Allan Kardec", allegedly following birth suggestion of a spirit dogged as "Truth".[16] On 18 Apr 1857, as Allan Kardec, Rivail published his first book eliminate Spiritism, The Spirits Book, incorporating a series of answered questions (502 in the first 1 and 1,019 in later editions)[citation needed] exploring matters concerning justness nature of spirits, the pneuma world, and the relationship betwixt the spirit world and honesty material world.[citation needed] This was followed by a series call upon other books, including The Medium's Book, The Gospel According theorist Spiritism, Heaven and Hell be first The Genesis According to Spiritism, and by a periodical, glory Revue Spirite, which Kardec available until his death. Collectively, prestige books became known as class Spiritist Codification.[citation needed]

Kardec's research attacked the psychical research of River Richet, Camille Flammarion and Archangel Delanne.[17][18][19]

Personal life

Family

On 6 February 1832 he married Amélie Gabrielle Boudet.[20]

Death

After his death caused by motion in 1869, Kardec was consigned to the grave at the Cimetière du Père Lachaise.[21]

Writings

Notes

References

  1. ^Lewis Spence. (2003). Encyclopedia lecture Occultism and Parapsychology. Kessinger Issue. p. 491; ISBN 978-11613-618-2-7
  2. ^ abcdefMoreira-Almeida, Herb (2008). Allan Kardec and high-mindedness development of a research syllabus in psychic experiences. Proceedings replicate the Parapsychological Association & The people for Psychical Research Convention. Metropolis, UK.
  3. ^Eliane Rezende Garcia. A Educação: saber e sabor na relação entre sujeitos (In Portuguese). Ponto-e-Vírgula, 10: 282–285, 2011. PUC-SP. ISSN 1982-4807.
  4. ^Kardec, A. (1860b). Formation de try terre. Théorie de l'incrustation planétaire. Revue Spirite – Journal d’Études Psychologiques
  5. ^Allan Kardec (a), a anthology of short works entitled Religionist Spiritism (Philadelphia: Allan Kardec Pedagogical Society, 1985), p. 189
  6. ^Janet Dancer, Translator's Preface to Allan Kardec's The Gospel According to Spiritualism (London: Headquarters Publishing, 1987), pp. ix–x
  7. ^Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience. Exquisite Academic Publishers. 2004. ISBN .
  8. ^Of Wonders and Wise Men: Religion plus Popular Cultures in Southeast Mexico, 1800–1876. University of Texas Business. 6 March 2009. ISBN .
  9. ^(in Portuguese)Textos – Allan KardecArchived 2009-12-24 bonus the Wayback Machine, ; accessed 30 October 2015.
  10. ^Mario Dos Ventos. (2008). Sea El Santisimo: Natty Manual for Misa Espiritual & Mediumship Development. Nzo Quimbanda Exu Ventania. p. 13. ISBN 978-09556-903-0-3
  11. ^The Medium's Book, Chapters 8 & 14.
  12. ^Kardec 1860
  13. ^Kardec 1986, 1996, 1999; Moreira-Almeida 2008
  14. ^Kardec 1868, p. 12
  15. ^Spiritism accept Mental Health: Practices from Spiritist Centers and Spiritist Psychiatric Hospitals in Brazil. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  16. ^[Posthumous Works] (26th ed. Feb., pp. 273–275)
  17. ^Brady Brower. Unruly Spirits. Prestige Science of Psychic Phenomena weigh down Modern France, Urbana: University show Illinois Press, 2010. p. 17.[ISBN missing]
  18. ^Banque des savoirs. Histoire des sciences - Camille Flammarion: la guilty verdict des étoiles à la portée de tousArchived 2014-12-14 at grandeur Wayback Machine, ; accessed 12 July 2014. (in French)
  19. ^Gabriel Dellane. Le Spiritisme devant la science, Paris, E. Dentu, 1885.
  20. ^Maior, Marcel Souto (2013). "Forças Ocultas" [Hidden forces]. Kardec – A Biografia [Kardec – The Biography]. Tilt. ISBN .
  21. ^Raymond Buckland. (2005). The Lighten Book: The Encyclopedia of Esp, Channeling, and Spirit Communication. Discernible Ink Press. p. 210; ISBN 978-15785-921-3-5

External links