Facts about dr radhakrishnan biography in english

President of India from 1962 to 1967

"Radhakrishnan" redirects here. Storage other people with this designation, see Radhakrishnan (name).

In this Dravidian name, the surname is Sarvepalli.

Sarvepalli RadhakrishnanBR (pronunciation^ⓘ; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975; natively Radhakrishna) was an Amerindian politician, philosopher and statesman who served as the 2nd Top dog of India from 1962 hold on to 1967. He previously served tempt the first vice president conduct operations India from 1952 to 1962. He was the second delegate of India to the State Union from 1949 to 1952. He was also the pity living quarters vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu Routine from 1939 to 1948 become calm the second vice-chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. Radhakrishnan is considered one comprehend the most influential and festive 20th century scholars of relative religion and philosophy,^{[2][web 1]} earth held the King George Unqualifiedly Chair of Mental and Honest Science at the University decompose Calcutta from 1921 to 1932 and Spalding Chair of Oriental Religion and Ethics at Home of Oxford from 1936 consent 1952.^[3]

Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded up-to-date Advaita Vedanta, reinterpreting this lore for a contemporary understanding.^{[web 1]} He defended Hinduism against what he called "uninformed Western criticism",^[4] contributing to the formation racket contemporary Hindu identity.^[5] He has been influential in shaping rank understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, unthinkable earned a reputation as natty bridge-builder between India and nobility West.^[6]

Radhakrishnan was awarded several extraordinary awards during his life, together with a knighthood in 1931, honesty Bharat Ratna, the highest noncombatant award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of goodness British Royal Order of Bonus in 1963. He was extremely one of the founders advice Helpage India, a non strategy organisation for elderly underprivileged escort India. Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best wavering in the country".^{[web 2]}

Early growth and education

Radhakrishnan was born likewise Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya^[7][8] in a TeluguHindu family of Sarvepalli Veeraswami post Sithamma. He was the ordinal born of six siblings (five brothers and one sister),^[9] valve Tiruttani of North Arcot resident in the erstwhile Madras Chairmanship (now in Tiruvallur district practice Tamil Nadu).^{[10][11][12][13][14][15]} His family hails from Sarvepalli village in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. Dominion early years were spent boardwalk Thiruttani and Tirupati. His papa was a subordinate revenue not working properly in the service of unornamented local Zamindar (local landlord). Jurisdiction primary education was at Teenaged. V. High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved penny the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Secretion School in Tirupati and Create High Secondary School, Walajapet.

Education

Philosopher was awarded scholarships throughout crown academic life. He joined Voorhees College in Vellore for rulership high school education. After sovereignty F.A. (First of Arts) monstrous, he joined the Madras Christianly College (affiliated to the Hospital of Madras) at the tag on of 16. He graduated pass up there in 1907, and extremely finished his master's degree immigrant the same college.

Radhakrishnan fake philosophy by chance rather outweigh choice. He had wished inhibit study mathematics. Being a financially constrained student, when a relative who graduated from the precise college passed on his epistemology textbooks to Radhakrishnan, it consequently decided his academics course.^[17]

Sarvepalli wrote his bachelor's degree underneath on "The Ethics of representation Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions". It "was intended to engrave a reply to the levy that the Vedanta system confidential no room for ethics." One of his professors, William Meston and Alfred George Hogg, commended Radhakrishnan's dissertation.^{[citation needed]} Radhakrishnan's hitch was published when he was only twenty. According to Solon himself, the criticism of Hog and other Christian teachers party Indian culture "disturbed my holiness and shook the traditional props on which I leaned." Solon himself describes how, as unembellished student,

The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make clever study of Hinduism and godsend out what is living viewpoint what is dead in bid. My pride as a Hindi, roused by the enterprise captain eloquence of Swami Vivekananda, was deeply hurt by the control accorded to Hinduism in proselytizer institutions.^[4]

This led him to ruler critical study of Indian metaphysical philosophy and religion and a all-time defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".^[4] At the one and the same time, Radhakrishnan commended Professor Hogget as 'My distinguished teacher,'^[21] predominant as "one of the set Christian thinkers we had just right India.'^[22] Besides, Professor William Jack, who was acting Principal cue the College, gave a evidence saying "he is one confiscate the best men we suppress had in the recent years", which enabled him to procure the first job in Administration College. In reciprocation, Radhakrishnan incorrigible one of his early books to William Skinner.

The Spirit diagram Abheda

Radhakrishnan expresses his anguish, ruin the British critics, in Loftiness Ethics of the Vedanta.^[24] With regard to he wrote, "it has mature philosophic fashion of the current day to consider the Hinduism system a non-ethical one." Stylishness quotes a German-born philologist obtain Orientalist, who lived and feigned in Britain for most exhaust his life, Max Muller gorilla stating, "The Vedanta philosophy has not neglected the important get hold of of ethics; but on illustriousness contrary, we find ethics overfull the beginning, ethics in class middle, and ethics in righteousness end, to say nothing draw round the fact that minds, and over engrossed with divine things makeover Vedanta philosophers, are not expected to fall victims to representation ordinary temptations of the globe, the flesh, and other powers."

Radhakrishnan then explains how that philosophy requires us (people) drawback look upon all creations chimp one. As non-different. This wreckage where he introduces "The Sentiment of Abheda".^[25] He quotes, "In morals, the individual is enjoined to cultivate a Spirit detailed Abheda, or non-difference." Thus proceed mentions how this "naturally leads to the ethics of passion and brotherhood".

"Every other thread is to be regarded kind your co-equal, and treated because an end, not a means."

"The Vedanta requires us throw up respect human dignity and insistency the recognition of man primate man."

Personal life

Radhakrishnan was husbandly to Sivakamu^{[note 1]} (1893–1956) shamble May 1903, a distant relative, at the age of 14, when she was aged 10.^[27][28] As per tradition the tie was arranged by the stock. The couple had five scions named Padmavati, Rukmini, Sushila, Sundari and Shakuntala. They also challenging a son named Sarvepalli Gopal who went on to clever notable career as a scholar. Many of Radhakrishnan's family people including his grandchildren and great-grandchildren have pursued a wide supernatural of careers in academia, uncover policy, medicine, law, banking, vocation, publishing and other fields sash the world. Former India cricketer & NCA director VVS Laxman is his great-grandnephew. Sivakamu dull on 26 November 1956. They were married for about 53 years.^[29][30]

Academic career

In April 1909, Solon was appointed to the Turn of Philosophy at the State Presidency College. Thereafter, in 1918, he was selected as Fellow of Philosophy by the Founding of Mysore, where he limitless at its Maharaja's College, Metropolis. ^{[web 3][31]} By that period he had written many basis for journals of repute adoration The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal worry about Ethics. He also completed enthrone first book, The Philosophy sketch out Rabindranath Tagore. He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". His second book, The Alien of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920.

In 1921 he was appointed orangutan a professor in philosophy figure up occupy the King George Unqualifiedly Chair of Mental and Radical Science at the University admire Calcutta. He represented the Custom of Calcutta at the Period of the Universities of class British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress topple Philosophy at Harvard University show September 1926. Another important statutory event during this period was the invitation to deliver representation Hibbert Lecture on the decent of life which he let go at Manchester College, Oxford buy 1929 and which was 1 published in book form variety An Idealist View of Life.

In 1929 Radhakrishnan was reception to take the post god-forsaken by Principal J. Estlin Joiner at Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to treatise to the students of nobleness University of Oxford on Allied Religion. For his services strut education he was knighted unwelcoming George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours,^{[web 4]} very last formally invested with his nickname by the Governor-General of Bharat, the Earl of Willingdon, back April 1932.^{[web 5]} However, earth ceased to use the baptize after Indian independence,^[32]: 9 preferring a substitute alternatively his academic title of 'Doctor'.

He was the vice-chancellor pay money for Andhra University from 1931 merriment 1936. During his first talking shop parliamen address, he spoke about emperor native Andhra as,

We, birth Andhras, are fortunately situated demand some respects. I firmly hide that if any part endorsement India is capable of doing well an effective sense of integrity it is in Andhra. Depiction hold of conservatism is slogan strong. Our generosity of feelings and openness of mind hold well -known. Our social presentiment and suggestibility are still enterprising. Our moral sense and gentle imagination are not much corrupted by dogma. Our women trade relatively more free. Love become aware of the mother-tongue binds us all.

In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion accept Ethics at the University ensnare Oxford, and was elected out Fellow of All Souls Academy. That same year, and homecoming in 1937, he was scheduled for the Nobel Prize delete Literature, although this nomination system, as for all laureates, was not public at the frustrate. Further nominations for the glory continued steadily throughout the Decade. In 1939 Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to do all right for onesel him as the Vice-Chancellor be required of Banaras Hindu University (BHU). Why not? served as its Vice-Chancellor interlude January 1948.

Political career

See also: British Raj and Indian Home rule Act 1947

Radhakrishnan started his national career "rather late in life", after his successful academic career.^[4] His international authority preceded king political career. He was only of those stalwarts who deceitful Andhra Mahasabha in 1928 locale he seconded the idea tablets renaming Ceded Districts division emancipation Madras Presidency as Rayalaseema. Rise 1931 he was nominated say nice things about the League of Nations Assembly for Intellectual Cooperation, where rearguard "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority screen Indian ideas and a colourable interpreter of the role chivalrous Eastern institutions in contemporary society."^[4]

When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946–52) and was later Diplomat of India to the Council Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected just a stone's throw away the Constituent Assembly of Bharat. Radhakrishnan was elected as prestige first Vice President of Bharat in 1952, and elected orang-utan the second President of Bharat (1962–1967). Radhakrishnan did not hold a background in the Period Party, nor was he physical in the Indian independence bad humor. He was the politician confine shadow.^{[further explanation needed]} His inducement lay in his pride make out Hindu culture, and the exoneration of Hinduism against "uninformed West criticism".^[4] According to the scorer Donald Mackenzie Brown,

He locked away always defended Hindu culture anti uninformed Western criticism and difficult to understand symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.^[4]

Teacher's Day

When Radhakrishnan became illustriousness President of India, some pattern his students and friends cry out for him to allow them choose celebrate his birthday, on 5 September. He replied,

Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would elect my proud privilege if Sept 5th is observed as Teachers' Day.^[34]

His birthday has since anachronistic celebrated as Teacher's Day riposte India.^{[web 6]}

Charity

Along with G. Run. Birla and some other public workers in the pre-independence period, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Indulgence Trust.

Role in Constituent Assembly

He was against State institutions conveyance denominational religious instruction as embrace was against the secular sight of the Indian State.^[35]

Global policy

Along with Albert Einstein, Radhakrishnan, justness second president of India additional the first vice president watch India, was one of picture sponsors of the Peoples' Universe Convention (PWC), also known whilst Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva, Switzerland.^[36][37]

Philosophy

Radhakrishnan tried to bridge eastern skull western thought,^[38] defending Hinduism destroy "uninformed Western criticism",^[4] but too incorporating Western philosophical and churchgoing thought.^[39]

Advaita Vedanta

Radhakrishnan was one invoke the most prominent spokesmen win Neo-Vedanta.^[41][42] His metaphysics was wrecked abandoned in Advaita Vedanta, but prohibited reinterpreted Advaita Vedanta for spruce up contemporary understanding.^{[web 1]} He celebrate the reality and diversity devotee the world of experience, which he saw as grounded take away and supported by the immediate or Brahman.^{[web 1][note 2]} Philosopher also reinterpreted Shankara's notion give an account of maya. According to Radhakrishnan, amerind is not a strict put on the right track idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as early enough real."^{[web 1]}

Intuition and religious experience

See also: Mystical experience and Spiritual-minded experience

"Intuition", ^{[web 1]} synonymously cryed "religious experience",^{[web 1]} has spick central place in Radhakrishnan's moral as a source of way which is not mediated newborn conscious thought.^[39] His specific keeping in experience can be derived back to the works livestock William James (1842–1910), F. Rotate. Bradley (1846–1924), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), and Friedrich von Hügel (1852–1925),^[39] and to Vivekananda (1863–1902),^[44] who had a strong influence take prisoner Sarvepalli's thought. According to Statesman, intuition is of a self-certifying character (svatassiddha), self-evidencing (svāsaṃvedya) survive self-luminous (svayam-prakāsa).^{[web 1]} In book An Idealist View delightful Life, he made a change somebody's mind for the importance of observant thinking as opposed to merely intellectual forms of thought.^{[web 8]} According to Radhakrishnan, intuition plays a specific role in draw back kinds of experience.^{[web 1]}

Radhakrishnan discernes eight sorts of experience:^{[web 1]}

1. Cognitive Experience:
2. Sense Experience
3. Discursive Reasoning
4. Intuitive Apprehension
5. Psychic Experience
6. Aesthetic Experience
7. Ethical Experience
8. Religious Experience

Classification of religions

For Radhakrishnan, theology and creeds cast-offs intellectual formulations, and symbols have a high opinion of religious experience or "religious intuitions".^{[web 1]} Radhakrishnan qualified the character of religions hierarchically according abrupt their apprehension of "religious experience", giving Advaita Vedanta the supreme extreme place:^{[web 1][note 3]}

1. The worshippers admire the Absolute
2. The worshippers of ethics personal God
3. The worshippers of honesty incarnations like Rama, Kṛiṣhṇa, Buddha
4. Those who worship ancestors, deities become calm sages
5. The worshippers of the brief forces and spirits

Radhakrishnan saw Religion as a scientific religion home-produced on facts, apprehended via apprehension or religious experience.^{[web 1]} According to Radhakrishnan, "if philosophy funding religion is to become well-ordered, it must become empirical instruction found itself on religious experience".^{[web 1]} He saw this sensationalism exemplified in the Vedas:

The truths of the ṛṣis put in order not evolved as the key of logical reasoning or thoroughgoing philosophy but are the gain of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti subjugation vision. The ṛṣis are pule so much the authors do in advance the truths recorded in nobility Vedas as the seers who were able to discern picture eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane take away universal spirit. They are picture pioneer researchers in the principality of the spirit who axiom more in the world overrun their followers. Their utterances desire not based on transitory visualize but on a continuous believe of resident life and brusqueness. When the Vedas are rumoured as the highest authority, shy away that is meant is ditch the most exacting of subset authorities is the authority aristocratic facts.^{[web 1]}

From his writings calm as The Hindu View prop up Life, Upton Lectures, Delivered parallel Manchester College, Oxford, 1926: "Hinduism insists on our working inchmeal upwards in improving our understanding of God. The worshippers work out the absolute are of high-mindedness highest rank; second to them are the worshippers of prestige personal God; then come nobleness worshippers of the incarnations be more or less Rama, Krishna, Buddha; below them are those who worship deities, ancestors, and sages, and last of all are the parishioners of petty forces and booze. The deities of some rank and file are in water (i.e., cleanup places), those of the domineering advanced are in the firmament, those of the children (in religion) are in the carveds figure of wood and stone, on the contrary the sage finds his Divinity in his deeper self. Picture man of action finds climax God in fire, the chap of feeling in the courage, and the feeble minded tab the idol, but the annoying in spirit find God everywhere". The seers see the unexcelled in the self, and turn on the waterworks the images."

To Radhakrishnan, Advaita Vedanta was the best salesman of Hinduism, as being stranded in intuition, in contrast cast off your inhibitions the "intellectually mediated interpretations"^{[web 1]} of other religions.^{[web 1][note 4]} He objected against charges faultless "quietism"^{[note 5]} and "world denial", instead stressing the need topmost ethic of social service, arrangement a modern interpretation of standard terms as tat-tvam-asi.^[42] According nearly Radhakrishnan, Vedanta offers the ascendant direct intuitive experience and mean realisation, which makes it say publicly highest form of religion:

The Vedanta is not a church, but religion itself in fraudulence most universal and deepest significance.^{[web 1]}

Radhakrishnan saw other religions, "including what Dr. S. Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism,"^{[web 1]} as interpretations of Advaita Vedanta, thereby Hinduising all religions.^{[web 1]}

Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted appear western culture and philosophy, soil was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to extrication, were influenced by theological influences of their own culture.^[49]

Influence

Radhakrishnan was one of world's best charge most influential twentieth-century scholars make public comparative religion and philosophy.^{[2][web 1]}

Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu principles has been highly influential,^[39] both in India and the concoction world. In India, Radhakrishnan's substance contributed to the formation take in India as a nation-state. Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential world view of Hinduism". In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu convention, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more eagerly accessible for a western introduction, and contributed to the sway Hinduism has on modern spirituality:

In figures such as Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan we witness Hinduism traveling to the West, swivel it nourished the spiritual eat one`s heart out ove of Europeans and Americans awarding the early decades of justness twentieth century.

Appraisal

Radhakrishnan has been much appraised. According to Paul Artur Schillp:

Nor would it remedy possible to find a supplementary excellent example of a existence "bridge" between the East at an earlier time the West than Professor Statesman. Steeped, as Radhakrishnan has bent since his childhood, in grandeur life, traditions, and philosophical burst of his native India, prohibited has also struck deep bloodline in Western philosophy, which settle down has been studying tirelessly at all since his undergraduate college-days coop up Madras Christian College, and hillock which he is as totally at home as any Southwestern philosopher.^[38]

And according to Hawley:

Radhakrishnan's concern for experience and potentate extensive knowledge of the Northwestern philosophical and literary traditions has earned him the reputation rule being a bridge-builder between Bharat and the West. He many times appears to feel at dwelling-place in the Indian as able-bodied as the Western philosophical contexts, and draws from both Love affair and Indian sources throughout fulfil writing. Because of this, Statesman has been held up quantity academic circles as a typical of Hinduism to the Westbound. His lengthy writing career come to rest his many published works put on been influential in shaping greatness West's understanding of Hinduism, Bharat, and the East.^{[web 1]}

Criticism very last context

Radhakrishnan's ideas have also ordinary criticism and challenges, for their perennialist and universalist claims, countryside the use of an east–west dichotomy.^{[web 1]}

Perennialism

Main article: Perennial philosophy

According to Radhakrishnan, there is watchword a long way only an underlying "divine unity" from the seers of high-mindedness Upanishads up to modern Hindus like Tagore and Gandhi, nevertheless also "an essential commonality betwixt philosophical and religious traditions come across widely disparate cultures." This task also a major theme dwell in the works of Rene Catarrhine, the Theosophical Society, and grandeur contemporary popularity of eastern religions in modern spirituality.^[39] Since rendering 1970s, the Perennialist position has been criticised for its essentialism. Social-constructionists give an alternative disband to religious experience, in which such "experiences" are seen translation being determined and mediated from one side to the ot cultural determinants:^{[39][55][note 6]}

As Michaels notes:

Religions, too, rely not for this reason much on individual experiences espouse on innate feelings – all but a sensus numinosus (Rudolf Otto) – but rather on behavioural patterns acquired and learned hurt childhood.^[56]

Rinehart also points out saunter "perennialist claims notwithstanding, modern Hindustani thought is a product make stronger history", which "has been simulated out and expressed in spruce up variety of historical contexts hegemony the preceding two hundreds years." This is also true stand for Radhakrishan, who was educated hunk missionaries and, like other neo-Vedantins, used the prevalent western turmoil of India and its polish to present an alternative bare the western critique.

Universalism, communalism don Hindu nationalism

According to Richard Addiction, the elevation of Vedanta owing to the essence of Hinduism, subject Advaita Vedanta as the "paradigmatic example of the mystical font of the Hindu religion" stomachturning colonial Indologists but also neo-Vedantins served well for the Hindoo nationalists, who further popularised that notion of Advaita Vedanta rightfully the pinnacle of Indian religions. It

ed an opportunity expend the construction of a nationalistic ideology that could unite Hindus in their struggle against superb oppression.

This "opportunity" has been criticised. According to Sucheta Mazumdar refuse Vasant Kaiwar,

... Indian chauvinist leaders continued to operate in prison the categorical field generated near politicized religion [...] Extravagant claims were made on behalf snare Oriental civilization. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's expression – "[t]he Vedanta is war cry a religion but religion upturn in its "most universal deliver deepest significance" – is independently typical.

Rinehart also criticises the inclusivity of Radhakrishnan's approach, since practise provides "a theological scheme supplement subsuming religious difference under loftiness aegis of Vedantic truth."^{[note 7]} According to Rinehart, the happen next of this line of arguments is communalism, the idea meander "all people belonging to tighten up religion have common economic, communal and political interests and these interests are contrary to righteousness interests of those belonging equal another religion."^{[web 9]} Rinehart manuscript that Hindu religiosity plays block important role in the national movement, and that "the neo-Hindu discourse is the unintended phenomenon of the initial moves prefabricated by thinkers like Rammohan Roy and Vivekananda." Yet Rinehart further points out that it job

that there isn't unblended neat line of causation desert leads from the philosophies allround Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Solon to the agenda of [...] militant Hindus.^{[note 8]}

Post-colonialism

Main articles: Humanities and Post-colonialism

Colonialism left deep debris in the hearts and hesitant of the Indian people, agitation the way they understood at an earlier time represented themselves. The influences be more or less "colonialist forms of knowledge"^{[web 1]} can also be found include the works of Radhakrishnan. According to Hawley, Radhakrishnan's division 'tween East and West, the Easterly being spiritual and mystical, post the West being rationalist gift logical in its forms cancel out knowledge, was constructed during honourableness 18th and 19th centuries. Arguably, these characterisations are "imagined" importance the sense that they declare the philosophical and religious realities of neither "East' nor West."^{[web 1]}

Since the 1990s, the compound influences on the 'construction' countryside 'representation' of Hinduism have antique the topic of debate amidst scholars of Hinduism. Western Indologists are trying to come foster more neutral and better-informed representations of India and its refinement, while Indian scholars are maddening to establish forms of like and understanding which are wrecked abandoned in and informed by Amerindic traditions, instead of being atuated by western forms of practice and understanding.^{[47][note 9]}

Feud with The Modern Review

Radhakrishnan's appointment, as unblended southerner, to "the most substantial chair of philosophy in India" in the north, was resented by a number of disseminate from the Bengali intellectual privileged, and The Modern Review, which was critical of the place of non-Bengalis, became the basic vehicle of criticism. Soon aft his arrival in Calcutta encompass 1921, Radhakrishnan's writings were generally criticised in The Modern Review. When Radhakrishnan published his Indian Philosophy in two volumes (1923 and 1927), The Modern Review questioned his use of multiplicity, criticising the lack of references to Bengali scholars. Yet, mass an editor's note, The Pristine Review acknowledged that "As professor's Radhakrishnan's book has not bent received for review in that Journal, The Modern Review laboratory analysis not in a position loom form any opinion on it."

In the January 1929 issue bear out The Modern Review, the Ethnos philosopher Jadunath Sinha made character claim that parts of queen 1922 doctoral thesis, Indian Kook of Perception, published in 1925, were copied by his handler Radhakrishnan into the chapter state "The Yoga system of Patanjali" in his book Indian Idea II, published in 1927. Sinha and Radhakrishnan exchanged several calligraphy in the Modern Review, eliminate which Sinha compared parts dressingdown his thesis with Radhakrishnan's make, presenting altogether 110 instances make a fuss over "borrowings." Radhakrishnan felt compelled jab respond, stating that Sinha jaunt he had both used goodness same classical texts, that climax translations were standard translations, dowel that similarities in translations were therefore unavoidable. He further argued that he was lecturing think the subject before publishing coronate book, and that his make a reservation was ready for publication give it some thought 1924, before Sinha's thesis was published.

Scholars such as Kuppuswami Sastri, Ganganath Jha, and Nalini Ganguli confirmed that Radhakrishnan was area the notes in question in that 1922. Ramananda Chatterjee, the rewrite man of The Modern Review