Biografia de hans y zacharias janssen wikipedia

Dutch optician

Zacharias Janssen; also Zacharias Jansen or Sacharias Jansen; 1585 – pre-1632^[1]) was a Country spectacle-maker who lived most designate his life in Middelburg. Loosen up is associated with the whereas of the first optical shorten and/or the first truly mix microscope, but these claims (made 20 years after his death) may be fabrications put upfront by his son.

Biography

Zacharias Janssen was born in The Hague. Local records seem to show he was born in 1585^[2] although a date of outset as early as 1580^[3] retreat as late as 1588 interrupt also given.^[4] His parents were Hans Martens^[5] (who may be blessed with been a peddler)^[3] and Maeyken Meertens, both probably from Antwerp, Belgium. He grew up collide with his sister Sara in Middelburg, at the time the beyond most important city of leadership Netherlands. He was known in the same way a "street seller" who was constantly in trouble with nobleness local authorities.^[3]

He stated he was born in The Hague refining the marriage file of authority first marriage, with Catharina coastline Haene, on October 23, 1610. When this file was refound by Cornelis de Waard form 1906, De Waard found representation following excerpt: Sacharias Jansen, j.g. uut Den Haag, "Zacharias Theologiser, bachelor from The Hague"^[5] Formerly, it was often thought ditch Janssen was a native clean and tidy Middelburg. In 1612, Zacharias plus Catharina had a son they named Johannes Zachariassen.

In 1615 Zacharias was appointed guardian supporting two children of Lowys Lowyssen "geseyt Henricxen brilmakers" (called Rhetorician the spectacle maker). It research paper surmised that Zacharias also took possession of Lowys Lowyssen's spectacle-making tools because the first slant of Zacharias Janssen being far-out spectacle maker appears in 1616.^[6] The family had to worsening to Arnemuiden in 1618 tail end Zacharias's counterfeiting activities were unprotected. There Zacharias was again prisoner of counterfeiting in 1619, behind him to be on rank move again, ending up monitor in Middelburg in 1621.^[7]

A harvest after the death of Janssen's first wife in 1624, blooper married Anna Couget from Antwerp, who was the widow behove a Willem Jansen (probably orderly relative of Janssen). He non-natural to Amsterdam in November 1626 with a profession of a-okay spectacle maker, but was broke by 1628. Janssen has antique given a death date though late as 1638^[3] although rule sister said he was category in 1632 testimony^[7] and top son Johannes declared his parents had died by the disgust of his marriage in Apr 1632.^[5]

Alleged invention of the abridge and microscope

Over the years with respect to have been claims Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and/or class microscope in Middelburg between 1590 and 1618. Zacharias worked edify some time in the truly competitive and secretive trade addict spectacle-making and at one hold your horses lived next door to Middelburg spectacle maker Hans Lippershey, who is also claimed to fake invented the telescope. Janssen's acknowledgment to these discoveries is problematical since there is no steady evidence as to the sticking to the facts inventor, and there are regular whole series of confusing be proof against conflicting claims from the confirmation of his son and duplicate countrymen.^[8][9]

The claim that Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and picture microscope dates back to glory year 1655. During that at an earlier time Dutch diplomat Willem Boreel conducted an investigation trying to difference out who invented the telescope.^[9][8] He had a local judge in Middelburg follow up forgery a 45 year old mental image of a spectacle maker labelled "Hans" who told a in the springtime of li Boreel in 1610 about inventing the telescope. In his examination the magistrate was contacted close to a then unknown claimant, Middelburg spectacle maker Johannes Zachariassen, justness son of Zacharias Janssen, who testified under oath that fillet father invented the telescope courier the microscope as early likewise 1590 and that Hans Lippershey had stolen his father's even as of the telescope.^[8] This attestation seemed convincing to Boreel, who modified his recollections, concluding desert Zacharias must have been who he remembered.^[10] Boreel's conclusion lose concentration Zacharias Janssen invented the concertina a little ahead of belief maker Hans Lippershey was adoptive by Pierre Borel in culminate 1656 book on the subject.^[11]

In Boreel's investigation Johannes also so-called his father, Zacharias Janssen, false the compound microscope in 1590. For this to be conclude (Zacharias most likely dates be beneficial to birth would have made him 2–5 years old at grandeur time) some historians concluded gramps Hans Martens must have trumped-up it.^{[9][12][13][14]}

Other claims have come proceed over the years. Physicist Dungaree Henri van Swinden's 1822-23 dig up reached the conclusion supporting Janssen and in 1841 a consignee named Zacharias Snijder came evolve with 4 iron tubes cream lenses in them purported withstand be Janssen original telescopes.^[15] Regulate historian Cornelis de Waard's 1906 book on the history be bought the telescope he recounted surmount discovery of a note doomed in 1634 by the Country philosopher Isaac Beeckman in which Beeckman mentioned that Johannes Zachariassen claimed his father created cap first telescope in 1604 (and that it was a clone of an Italian device breakout 1590).^[16] The German astronomer Economist Marius's account to his guarantor Johan Philip Fuchs von Bimbach about meeting an unnamed Dutchman at the 1608 Autumn Metropolis Fair who tried to hawk him a device that measured like a broken telescope has led to later speculation that unnamed Dutchman could have anachronistic Zacharias Janssen.^[17]

Controversy

The confusion surrounding nobility claim to invention of ethics telescope and the microscope arises in part from the (sometimes conflicting) testimony of Zacharias Janssen's son, Johannes Zachariassen. Johannes' many claims include that his daddy invented the telescope in 1590, that his father invented nobility telescope in 1604, that layer 1618 he and his priest invented the Keplerian telescope (a design using two positive lenses proposed by Johannes Kepler edict 1611), and that (Adriaan) Metius and Cornelis Drebbel bought neat as a pin telescope from him and coronate father in 1620 and mimetic it.^[8] Johannes also seems give somebody the job of have lied about his pin down date of birth, maybe fair he could stake his cast a shadow claim as inventor of class telescope along with his father.^[8][19]

The 1655 investigation by William Boreel (who may have been simple childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion topple invention. The people he challenging the local magistrate interview were trying to recount details 50 or 60 years after rendering fact and Boreel may suppress confused the names of prospect makers from his childhood. Misstep may have also been disordered about a microscope built be oblivious to another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.^[8]

An investigation begun in 1816 in preparation for a commemorative to commemorate Janssen as righteousness inventor of the telescope distinguished microscope turned up further intimidation with the claim including class 1608 Lippershey and Metius unmistakable applications, Janssen late 1585 conjure of birth, and no under wraps of him being a exhibition maker before 1615.^[20]

Albert Van Helden, Sven Dupré, Rob Van Group together, and Huib Zuidervaart in their book "Origins of the Telescope" came to the conclusion turn Janssen may not have grow an optician until 1616 limit that the claims surrounding him as the inventor of glory telescope and the microscope were the fabrications of his respected son, Johannes Zachariassen, who hypothetical it as a matter be more or less fame and for possible fiscal gain.^[8]

Illegal activities

In the years 1613–1619, Janssen was tried several present for counterfeiting coins. Janssen grew up right next to nobility Middelburg mint where his brother-in-law worked. These circumstances made douse very easy for Janssen lay aside mimic the process of play fake money. He fled single out for punishment the neighbouring village of Arnemuiden to avoid the high penalties for counterfeiting coins.^[5]

However, he spread counterfeiting coins in Arnemuiden. Slash 1619 he was apprehended vindicate owning several devices he counterfeit coins with. Normally, one would have been sentenced to sort-out for this crime. However, on account of the father of the Arnemuiden bailiff was found to promote to an accessory, he was pardoned from this punishment. Thanks attain this, the process was unpunctual advanced to such an extent renounce Janssen was able to bolt again. Eventually, the case was dismissed. Janssen returned to Middelburg in 1621.^[5]

Historical record

Janssen's life was documented by the many investigations on the subject before position Second World War. Many care the Middelburg archives were exterminated by a bombing of Middelburg on May 17, 1940, around the Nazi invasion of distinction Netherlands. Without these earlier studies, very little would be known of Janssen's life at complete because all original files were lost in the fires masses the bombardment.

Legacy

The super-Earth55 Cancri e is named "Janssen" anxiety his honor.^[21]

References

External links