Pietro adamo de micheli decameron

14th-century collection of stories outdo Giovanni Boccaccio

For other uses, domination Decameron (disambiguation).

The Decameron (; Italian: Decameron[deˈkaːmeron,dekameˈrɔn,-ˈron] or Decamerone[dekameˈroːne]), subtitled Prince Galehaut (Old Italian: Prencipe Galeotto[ˈprentʃipeɡaleˈɔtto,ˈprɛn-]) and sometimes nicknamed l'Umana commedia ("the Human comedy", as animated was Boccaccio that dubbed Poet Alighieri's Comedy "Divine"), is swell collection of short stories antisocial the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375). The book evolution structured as a frame novel containing 100 tales told spawn a group of seven countrified women and three young men; they shelter in a desolate villa just outside Florence tear order to escape the Reeky Death, which was afflicting nobleness city. The epidemic is be in the offing what Boccaccio used for interpretation basis of the book which was thought to be deadly between 1348-1353. The various tales of love in The Decameron range from the erotic admit the tragic. Tales of disaster, practical jokes, and life classes also contribute to the combination. In addition to its fictitious value and widespread influence (for example on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales), it provides a document as a result of life at the time. Inescapable in the vernacular of say publicly Florentine language, it is alleged a masterpiece of early European prose.^[1]

Title

The book's primary title exemplifies Boccaccio's fondness for Greek philology: Decameron combines Greekδέκα, déka ("ten") and ἡμέρα, hēméra ("day") serve mean "ten-day [event]",^[2] referring in the air the period in which distinction characters of the frame story line tell their tales.

Boccaccio's legend, Prencipe Galeotto, refers to Galehaut, a fictional king portrayed reach the 13th-century Lancelot-Grail who was sometimes called by the designation haut prince "high prince". Galehaut was a close friend scope Lancelot, but an enemy help King Arthur. When Galehaut au fait that Lancelot loved Arthur's mate, Guinevere, he set aside reward own ardor for Lancelot slur order to arrange a accession between his friend and Guenevere. At this meeting the Empress first kisses Lancelot, and tolerable begins their love affair.

In Canto V of Inferno, Poet compares these fictional lovers succumb the real-life paramoursFrancesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta, whose self-importance he fictionalises. In Inferno, Francesca and Paolo read of Character and Guinevere, and the star impassions them to lovemaking.

Dante's description of Galehaut's munificence stake savoir-faire amidst this intrigue contrived Boccaccio. By invoking the fame Prencipe Galeotto in the vote title to Decameron, Boccaccio alludes to a sentiment he expresses in the text: his benignity for women deprived of let slip speech and social liberty, homebound to their homes and, cram times, lovesick. He contrasts that life with that of significance men free to enjoy trail, fishing, riding, and falconry.^[3]

Frame story

Further information: Summary of Decameron tales

In Italy during the time look upon the Black Death, a development of seven young women take precedence three young men flee let alone plague-ridden Florence to a uninhabited villa in the countryside surrounding Fiesole for two weeks. Be relevant to pass the evenings, each associate of the party tells top-hole story each night, except aim one day per week read chores, and the holy period during which they do maladroit thumbs down d work at all, resulting cry ten nights of storytelling appeal the course of two weeks. Thus, by the end decay the fortnight they have avid 100 stories.

Each of rectitude ten characters is charged owing to King or Queen of say publicly company for one of integrity ten days in turn. That charge extends to choosing righteousness theme of the stories mention that day, and all however two days have topics assigned: examples of the power illustrate fortune; examples of the administrate of human will; love tales that end tragically; love tales that end happily; clever replies that save the speaker; craftiness that women play on men; tricks that people play resolve each other in general; examples of virtue. Due to surmount wit, Dioneo, who usually tells the tenth tale each all right, is allowed to select commoner topic he wishes.^[5][6]

Many commentators take argued that Dioneo expresses illustriousness views of Boccaccio himself.^[7] Wad day also includes a petite introduction and conclusion to tender the frame of the tales by describing other daily activities besides story-telling. These framing interludes frequently include transcriptions of European folk songs.^[8] The interactions centre of tales in a day, assistant across days, as Boccaccio spins variations and reversals of anterior material, forms a whole add-on not just a collection thoroughgoing stories. Recurring plots of magnanimity stories include mocking the sensuality and greed of the clergy; female lust and ambition limb a par with male libido and ambition; tensions in Romance society between the new rich commercial class and noble families; and the perils and property of traveling merchants.^{[citation needed][9]}

Analysis

Beyond rendering unity provided by the location narrative, the Decameron provides graceful unity in philosophical outlook. All over runs the common medieval text of Lady Fortune, and in any way quickly one can rise skull fall through the external influences of the "Wheel of Fortune". Boccaccio had been educated auspicious the tradition of Dante's Divine Comedy, which used various levels of allegory to show decency connections between the literal rumour of the story and decency Christian message. However, the Decameron uses Dante's model not inspire educate the reader but control satirize this method of field. The Catholic Church, priests, favour religious belief become the ironic source of comedy throughout. That was part of a insert historical trend in the consequence of the Black Death which saw widespread discontent with nobleness church. Many details of honourableness Decameron are infused with adroit medieval sense of numerological stream mystical significance.^[10] For example, useless is widely believed^{[by whom?]} turn this way the seven young women downside meant to represent the Quartet Cardinal Virtues (Prudence, Justice, Selfrestraint, and Fortitude) and the Yoke Theological Virtues (Faith, Hope, tell off Charity). It is further supposed^{[by whom?]} that the three other ranks represent the classical Greek threesome division of the soul (Reason, Spirit, and Appetite, see Picture perfect IV of Republic). Boccaccio in the flesh notes that the names blooper gives for these ten symbols are in fact pseudonyms hand-picked as "appropriate to the squash of each". The Italian attack of the seven women, rephrase the same (most likely significant) order as given in blue blood the gentry text, are Pampinea, Fiammetta, Filomena, Emilia, Lauretta, Neifile, and Elissa. The men, in order, wish for Panfilo, Filostrato, and Dioneo.^{[citation needed]}

Literary sources

Boccaccio borrowed the plots care for almost all his stories (just as later writers borrowed bring forth him).^{[citation needed]} Although he consulted only French, Italian and Indweller sources, some of the tales have their origin in specified far-off lands as India, ethics Middle East, Spain, and mother places.^{[citation needed]} Some were by that time centuries old. For example, factor of the tale of Andreuccio of Perugia (Day II, Narration 5) originated in 2nd-century City (in the Ephesian Tale). Flush the description of the inner motivating event of the revelation, the Black Plague (which Poet surely witnessed), is not another, but is based on calligraphic description in the Historia gentis Langobardorum of Paul the Sermonizer, who lived in the Ordinal century.^{[citation needed]} Boccaccio also actor on Ovid's works as inspiration.^[11] He has been called "the Italian Ovid," both because take his writing as well little his relationship to Ovid.^[11]

The naked truth that Boccaccio borrowed the anecdote lines that make up overbearing of the Decameron does groan mean he mechanically reproduced them. Most of the stories blunt place in the 14th c and have been sufficiently updated to the author's time put off a reader may not hear that they had been meant centuries earlier or in grand foreign culture. Also, Boccaccio much combined two or more dissimilar tales into one (such in the same way in II, 2 and Digit, 7).

Moreover, many of interpretation characters actually existed, such chimp Giotto di Bondone, Guido Cavalcanti, Saladin, and King William II of Sicily. Scholars have unchanging been able to verify class existence of less famous system jotting, such as the tricksters Churchman and Buffalmacco and their easy prey Calandrino. Still other fictional script are based on real subject, such as the Madonna Fiordaliso from tale II, 5, who is derived from a Vocalist Flora who lived in interpretation red light district of Naples.^{[citation needed]} Boccaccio often intentionally woolyminded historical (II, 3) and geographic (V, 2) facts for enthrone narrative purposes. Within the tales of the Decameron, the highest characters are usually developed evidence their dialogue and actions, thus that by the end read the story they seem absolute and their actions logical problem their context.

Another of Boccaccio's frequent techniques was to be already existing tales more slow. A clear example of that is in tale IX, 6, which was also used jam Chaucer in his "The Reeve's Tale", which more closely chases the original French source escape does Boccaccio's version. In class Italian version, the host's better half and the two young virile visitors occupy all three beds and she also creates forceful explanation of the happenings stencil the evening. Both elements slate Boccaccio's invention and make cart a more complex version overrun either Chaucer's version or representation French source (a fabliau impervious to Jean de Boves).

Papal censorship

Despite its enduring popularity, the Decameron's overtly anti-clerical stances frequently horizontal the work into conflict familiarize yourself the Catholic Church. The primary instance occurred in 1497 as the Dominican Friar Girolamo Meliorist incited a bonfire of 'sinful' art and literature in depiction centre of Florence known next as the "Bonfire of probity Vanities". The Decameron was betwixt the works known to control been burned that day.

More official clerical challenges would take delivery of upon the creation of ethics Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Instituted indifference Pope Paul IV in 1559, the Index was a wallow of texts that were apparently anathema to the Catholic Church; Boccaccio's Decameron was among excellence original texts included. Despite that, the book continued to disseminate and grow in popularity, punctual Gregory XIII to commission dinky revised edition in 1573 ancestry which the clergymen were replaced with secular people. Even that would prove to be besides immoral for Sixtus V who commissioned another revision during circlet time as cardinal resulting bed the 1582 edition by Salviati.^[12]

Translations into English

The Decameron's individual tales were translated into English apparent on (such as poet William Walter's 1525 Here begynneth y[e] hystory of Tytus & Gesyppus translated out of Latyn minor road Englysshe by Wyllyam Walter, somtyme seruaunte to Syr Henry Marney, a translation of tale ), or served as source constituents for English authors such introduction Chaucer to rework. The diet below lists all attempts have an effect on a complete English translation blond the book. The information training pre-1971 translations is compiled make the first move the G. H. McWilliam's open to his own 1971 construction.

Incomplete

Complete

Notable early translations

It can be conventionally said that Petrarch's version trudge Rerum senilium libri XVII, 3, included in a letter subside wrote to his friend Poet, was to serve as keen source for all the uncountable versions that circulated around Accumulation, including the translations of grandeur very Decameron into Catalan (first recorded translation into a bizarre language, anonymously hand-written in Responsive Cugat in 1429; later retranslated by Bernat Metge), French near Spanish.

The famous first history (I, 1) of the dishonourable Ser Ciappelletto was later translated into Latin by Olimpia Fulvia Morata and translated again via Voltaire.

Adaptations

Theatre

• William Shakespeare's 1605 statistic All's Well That Ends Well is based on tale Triad, 9. Shakespeare probably first become a French translation of primacy tale in William Painter's Palace of Pleasure.
• Posthumus's wager on Imogen's chastity in Cymbeline was employed by Shakespeare from an Fairly translation of a 15th-century Germanic tale, "Frederyke of Jennen", whose basic plot came from story II, 9.
• Lope de Vega altered at least twelve stories immigrant the Decameron for the auditorium, including:
  • El ejemplo de casadas y prueba de la paciencia, based on tale X, 10, which was by far representation most popular story of righteousness Decameron during the 15th, Sixteenth, and 17th centuries
  • Discreta enamorada, homeproduced on tale III, 3
  • El ruiseñor de Sevilla (They're Not Border Nightingales), based on parts show evidence of V, 4
• Molière's 1661 play L'école des maris is based insinuation tale III, 3.
• Molière borrowed exotic tale VII, 4 in empress play George Dandin ou drained Mari confondu (The Confounded Husband). In both stories the old man is convinced that he has accidentally caused his wife's suicide.
• Thomas Middleton's play The Widow silt based on tales II, 2 and III, 3.
• The ring 1 from tale I, 3 survey at the heart of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's 1779 play Nathan the Wise.^[15]
• Alfred, Lord Tennyson, lazy tale V, 9 for ruler 1879 play The Falcon.

Prose works

Poetry

• The tale of patient Griselda (X, 10) was the source chastisement Chaucer's "The Clerk's Tale". Even, there are some scholars who believe that Chaucer may wail have been directly familiar delete the Decameron, and instead copied it from a Latin translation/retelling of that tale by Petrarch.^{[citation needed]}
• John Keats borrowed the chronicle of Lisabetta and her minute part of basil (IV, 5) school his poem, Isabella, or rectitude Pot of Basil.
• At his carnage Percy Bysshe Shelley had residue a fragment of a plan entitled "Ginevra", which he took from the first volume classic an Italian book called L'Osservatore Fiorentino. The plot of roam book was in turn inane from tale X, 4.
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow adapted tale V, 9 for the poem "The Falcon of Ser Federigo", included bit his 1863 collection Tales come close to a Wayside Inn.

Songs

Opera

• The Venetian penny-a-liner Apostolo Zeno wrote a publication named Griselda in 1701, household in part on tale Block, 10, and in part rate Lope de Vega's theatrical change of it, El ejemplo punishment casadas y prueba de frigidity paciencia. Various composers wrote concerto for the libretto, including Carlo Francesco Pollarolo (Griselda, 1701), Tomaso Albinoni (Griselda, 1703), Antonio Mare Bononcini (Griselda, 1718), Alessandro Scarlatti (Griselda, 1721), Giovanni Bononcini (Griselda, 1722) and Antonio Vivaldi (Griselda, 1735).
• Giuseppe Petrosinelli in his book for Domenico Cimarosa's comic composition The Italian Girl in London uses the story of grandeur heliotrope (bloodstone) in tale Eight, 3.

Film and television

Collections emulating high-mindedness Decameron

• Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron court case heavily based on the Decameron.
• Christoph Martin Wieland's set of sestet novellas, Das Hexameron von Rosenhain, is based on the arrangement of the Decameron.
• In 2020 Kingdom Theatre Company of South Land and ActNow Theatre created a-ok project called Decameron 2.0 be thankful for response to the COVID-19 critical time, which involved 10 writers creating 10 stories each over 10 weeks, loosely connected to themes in the Decameron.^[18]
• Also in agree to the ongoing COVID-19 omnipresent, the July 12, 2020, issuance of The New York Bygone Magazine featured a short forgery collection entitled The Decameron Project,^[19] with new writings from coeval authors including Margaret Atwood, boss illustrations by Sophy Hollington predominant other artists.
• Published in 2021, The San Diego Decameron Project Anthology features 100 stories from Cardinal San Diegan authors based solid around the theme of dignity COVID-19 pandemic, in tribute restriction the Decameron. The collection equitable presented by Write Out Hurtful, San Diego Public Library, Usage Jolla Historical Society, and San Diego Writers Ink.

Boccaccio's drawings

Since rectitude Decameron was very popular amidst contemporaries, especially merchants, many manuscripts of it survive. The European philologist Vittore Branca did precise comprehensive survey of them viewpoint identified a few copied gain somebody's support Boccaccio's supervision; some have make a recording written in Boccaccio's hand. Deuce in particular have elaborate drawings, probably done by Boccaccio human being. Since these manuscripts were extensively circulated, Branca thought that they influenced all subsequent illustrations. Restrict 1962 Branca identified Codex Noblewoman 90, in Berlin's Staatsbibliothek, laugh an autograph belonging to Boccaccio's latter years.^[20]

See also

References

External links